Modals and related verbs & 100++vocabs

• we can use ought to, should, must, have to, and (be) able to  for present simple
• we can could, were/was able to, had to for past simple
• should, must, ought to do not have past simple forms
• to form sentences with these verbs :

1. dont add third person(s) except with have/has to and am/is/are able to
2. use have to instead of must and should instead of ought to for questions
3. dont use the auxiliary do in questions, negatives, or short answers, except with have to

• we use must for 

1. written rules: All students must show their ID cards
2. things which we think are important to so : I must do some revision this weekend
3. strong advice : You must stop smoking

• we use mustn’t when something is

1. forbidden by law/rule : You mustn’t use a mobile phone in the hospital
2. an obligation : We mustn’t forget to buy Jim a birthday card

• we use have to for

1. rules : if you lose a library book, you have to buy a new one
2. laws : you have to get visa to travel to the USA
3. external obligation : he has to do his homework first

• we use dont have to for

1. when something isnt necessary : you dont have to buy me a birthday present – a card is enough

• we use should/shouldnt and ought/ought not to , to

1. give advice: you shouldn’t get married after only two weeks together! you ought to wait at least a year!
2. explain a duty/responsibility : if you saw the accident, you ought to phone to see a doctor
3. make suggestions : you shouldnt spend so much money; you ought to are a doctor.

• we use can/cant (present) and could/coudldn’t (past) for

1. ability : i could understand the joke but i didnt think it was funny
2. possibilty : you can go there by plane, coach, or planet
3. permission : you can go when the light is green
4. laws : people couldnt vote at eighteen when i was young
5. rules : you can’t smoke in my house

• we use the correct form of be able to for ability in tense where there is no approriate kind of can. ex : i’ll be able to paint your kitchen next weekend; they won’t be able to come to your party.

VOCAB

1. adolescence
2. born
3. bring up
4. childhood
5. chore
6. fall out with
7. get on with
8. go out with a friend
9. grow out of
10. grow up
11. leave the table
12. look after
13. look down on somebody
14. make fun of
15. make up with
16. parent
17. rebel against
18. rule
19. socialise
20. spend the night
21. stay out late
22. strict
23. take care of
24. take something personally
25. teenager 
26. toodler
27. upbringing
28. change a light bulb
29. clear the table
30. do the cooking/dishes/washing up/shopping/vacumming
31. hang up a picture/your clothes
32. iron your clothes
33. make your bed
34. set the table
35. sweep the floor 
36. take out the rubbish
37. absent minded
38. adventurous/unadventurous
39. affectionate
40. aggresive
41. attractive
42. bossy
43. conscientious
44. considerate/inconsiderate
45. cruel
46. decisive/indecisive
47. delicate
48. forgetful
49. fun loving
50. funny
51. gloomy
52. hardworking
53. intelligent
54. kind/unkind
55. lazy
56. mature/immature
57. mean
58. modest
59. nasty
60. optimistic
61. outgoing
62. personality
63. polite/impolite
64. practical/impratical
65. predictable/unpredictable
66. proud
67. reckless
68. reliable/unreliable
69. rude
70. secure/insecure
71. self centred
72. self disciplined
73. sensitive
74. shrewd
75. shy
76. sociable/unsociable
77. stubborn
78. thoughtful
79. timid
80. tolerant/intolerant
81. unconventional
82. upset
83. worried
84. attend
85. behave
86. boarding scchool
87. classroom
88. coeducational
89. comprehensive school
90. day school
91. discipline
92. exchange programme
93. fee paying school
94. high school
95. independent shool
96. school subject
97. single sex school
98. state school
99. accurate
100. advise
101. career
102. fix
103. harmless
104. impress
105. join
106. military service
107. opportunity
108. peace and quiet
109. prevent
110. refuse
111. role
112. rehearsal
113. shade
114. stereotype
115. taste